The following are possible reactions of aluminum with water: 2Al + 6H 2 O -> 2Al (OH) 3 + 3H 2. In words, we could write the reaction as: (10. This is why copper is turning bluish-green in color. Iron oxide, the chemical Fe 2 O 3, is common because iron combines very readily with oxygen - so readily, in fact, that pure iron is only rarely found in nature. Corrosion: It is the formation of metal oxide when exposed to moist air. In the denuder, it is treated with water to obtain a sodium hydroxide solution. Although it's a complex process, the chemical equation is simply 4Fe + 3O2 + 6H2O → 4Fe(OH)3. This also means that total mass on the reactant side must be equal to the total mass on the product side. The surface of iron at the middle of the water droplet Aluminum will not rust like Iron, but it does corrode. Overall equation for this reaction: Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia according to the equation below.ΔHo = ∑nΔHo f (products) − ∑nΔHo f (reactants) The symbol Σ is the Greek letter sigma and means "the sum of". Iron metal is oxidised to form iron ions.The word ferric refers to iron ions with a +3 charge (or with 23 electrons), whereas Figure 10. CuO interacts with carbon dioxide CO 2, sulfur trioxide SO 3 and water H 2 O in the environment to generate blue Cu 2 ( OH) 2 ( s) (Malachite) and green Cu 4 SO 4 ( OH) 6 s (Brochantite). The relevant redox reactions are described by the following equations: The reaction is as follows: Cu 2 O s + 1 2 O 2 g → 2 CuO s. The rusting of the iron formula is 4Fe + 3O2 + 6H2O → 4Fe (OH)3. Iron is the reducing agent and O2 is the oxidizing agent 6. When solid sodium chloride is added to aqueous sulfuric acid, … Eg: Corrosion of iron in water to form rust. 2 in] on edge) Take into account the corrosion of Zn (zinc) by water or wet air. The latter is the reddish-brown solid commonly known as rust.
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Some types of sewage treatment produce sewage sludge which can be treated before safe disposal or reuse. With regards to biological treatment of sewage, the treatment objectives can include various degrees of the following: to transform or remove organic matter, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), pathogenic organisms, and specific trace organic constituents (micropollutants). This is achieved by removing contaminants from the sewage. The overall aim of treating sewage is to produce an effluent that can be discharged to the environment while causing as little water pollution as possible, or to produce an effluent that can be reused in a useful manner. The terms water recycling center or water reclamation plants are also in use as synonyms. Strictly speaking, the latter is a broader term that can also refer to industrial wastewater treatment. The term sewage treatment plant (STP) (or sewage treatment works) is nowadays often replaced with the term wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Terminology Activated sludge sewage treatment plant in Massachusetts, US The term sewage treatment plant is often used interchangeably with the term wastewater treatment plant. Sanitation also includes the management of human waste and solid waste as well as stormwater (drainage) management. The treatment of sewage is part of the field of sanitation. For example, while high-income countries treat approximately 74% of their sewage, developing countries treat an average of just 4.2%. However, sewage treatment rates are highly unequal for different countries around the world. On the other hand, advanced and relatively expensive sewage treatment plants in cities that can afford them may include tertiary treatment with disinfection and possibly even a fourth treatment stage to remove micropollutants.Īt the global level, an estimated 52% of sewage is treated. These systems include septic tanks connected to drain fields, on-site sewage systems (OSS), vermifilter systems and many more. In developing countries and in rural areas with low population densities, sewage is often treated by various on-site sanitation systems and not conveyed in sewers. : 215 Often, the main criteria for selection are: desired effluent quality, expected construction and operating costs, availability of land, energy requirements and sustainability aspects. Design engineers and decision makers need to take into account technical and economical criteria of each alternative when choosing a suitable technology. Secondary treatment can reduce organic matter (measured as biological oxygen demand) from sewage, using aerobic or anaerobic biological processes.Ī large number of sewage treatment technologies have been developed, mostly using biological treatment processes. Sewage treatment often involves two main stages, called primary and secondary treatment, while advanced treatment also incorporates a tertiary treatment stage with polishing processes and nutrient removal. For cities that have a combined sewer, the sewers will also carry urban runoff (stormwater) to the sewage treatment plant. These can range from decentralized systems (including on-site treatment systems) to large centralized systems involving a network of pipes and pump stations (called sewerage) which convey the sewage to a treatment plant. There are a high number of sewage treatment processes to choose from. Sewage contains wastewater from households and businesses and possibly pre-treated industrial wastewater. Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges. Water pollution, Environmental health, Public health, sewage sludge disposal issues List of wastewater treatment technologies Sewage, could also be just blackwater (waste), greywater Įffluent, sewage sludge, possibly biogas (for some types) Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), water reclamation plant Clockwise from top left: Aerial photo of Kuryanovo activated sludge STP in Moscow, Russia Constructed wetlands STP near Gdansk, Poland Waste stabilization ponds STP in the South of France Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket STP in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) come in many different sizes and process configurations. The Major Elements Of HTML Are As Follows: It is now the most widely used markup language on the planet. Tim Berners-Lee designed it in the 1990s with the intention of using it to structure, display, and present content on the international web. The surrounding tags can make a word or picture hyperlink to another location, italicize words, change the font size, and so on. HTML is made up of components that you may employ to enclose or wrap certain portions of the material to make it seem or perform in a specific manner. Overall, an application makes it easier to format HTML pages, and an online free tool is essential for any developer who wants to make it easier to format the code and easier to work with.HTML is a markup language that describes how your information is structured. It makes it easier for developers to read and debug your code, and it can also help to improve the layout and syntax of your web pages. To format HTML data can help to ensure that your HTML code is properly formatted and easier to read. HTML has evolved over the years, but formatting rules have remained the same. Minified HTML code support: You can also paste any minified, beautified or formatted output into the input field and beautify it.Support for unindented code: An HTML formatter online can also beautify unindented codes, making it easier for you to work with your HTML code.Configurable formatting rules: You can configure the formatting rules to match your personal preferences.Indentation level: You can choose your desired indentation level, which can help to make your code more readable.Features of an Online HTML Beautifier ToolĪn online HTML beautifier typically has a variety of features that can help you to format your code in the best possible way. You can simply copy and paste your HTML code into the input field, select your desired indentation level, and click the "Beautify" button. You do not have to worry about downloading any software onto your computer that could potentially contain viruses or malware.Īnother benefit of using an HTML editor is that it is simple and easy to use. Using a free online HTML formatter is also secure. You can use an online HTML beautifier without having to pay for any software or downloads. One of the biggest benefits is that it is free. Using an online HTML beautifier has many benefits. Benefits of Using an Online HTML Formatter to Beautify HTML Code Regular expressions are used to parse your code and apply the formatting rules. JavaScript is used to apply formatting rules to your code, such as indentation level and spacing. How Does an HTML Beautifier Work?Īn HTML beautifier tool uses a combination of JavaScript and regular expressions to format your code. By using an HTML beautifier, you can easily spot errors and make changes to your code. If your HTML code is unformatted, it can be difficult to see where mistakes have been made. Using an HTML beautifier can also make it easier for you to spot errors in your code. An HTML beautifier can help you to make your code more readable, which can help to make your website run more smoothly. It is a syntax that can be difficult to read, especially when it is not properly formatted. HTML is a markup language used to create web pages. It can help to indent your code, add spaces where necessary, and format your code in a way that makes it easier to read. What is an HTML Beautifier?Īn HTML beautifier is an online tool that can take your ugly, unformatted HTML code and turn it into something more readable and easier to work with. Are you tired of looking at messy HTML code? Do you wish you had a tool that could help you format your HTML code to make it more readable and easier to work with? Look no further than a free online HTML beautifier. In the soup test, this model pureed the broccoli, onions, and celery in just 35 seconds and reached a velvety texture after a minute. We tried out the brand's immersion blender and were equally impressed with its power and performance when processing tough ingredients. Nutribullet made its name with its small-but-mighty personal blender that's excellent for single-servings and mini meals. Its plastic body doesn't feel as substantial as ones made with stainless steel, and it didn't stand out in the emulsion test. Accessories: Whisk attachment, 2.5-ounce chopping bowl, 42-ounce blending container.But since this blender proved to be the most powerful one we tested, we felt the benefits of speedy blending outweighed the noise. We noticed that the highest speed setting was a bit loud during the soup test, 90 decibels, about the same level as a lawnmower. The Breville's 15-speed dial is at the top of the blender, so you need to use two hands to adjust between slow and fast blending. Its head is also shallower than other models we tested, which minimized suction and prevented food from getting stuck, so it was easier to clean. Its 8-inch stainless steel shaft easily reached the bottom of deep containers and featured a rubbered base to prevent damage to nonstick cookware. The trigger also made it easier to pulse, which was helpful in the emulsion test. Its textured trigger grip and variable speed dial were comfortable to hold and operate, and it didn't feel too heavy, even after a full minute of use. The Breville has several design features that make it intuitive and enjoyable to use. We were particularly impressed with its smoothie performance, where it crushed ice in 40 seconds and chia seeds after just two minutes. Breville's powerful appliance came out on top of all our tests with minimal splatter or suction, flawlessly pureeing velvety smooth soup, blending smoothies in record time, and easily emulsifying mayo. When it comes to impressive immersion blenders, this is it. It was one of the louder blenders we tested, likely due to its powerful motor. But both of the mountaintop developments, along with the new Cameron Harbor project taking shape on the former Rarity Club on Nickajack Lake, is drawing local workers and relocating seniors. The new development is just west of the 2,600-acre Black Creek Mountain development atop the Raccoon Mountain ridge west of downtown Chattanooga.īlack Creek is a more conventional, denser development with city sewers. The first lots in the Aetna Mountain development are expected to be ready for sale sometime next year and the entire project is likely to take seven to 10 years to sell out, Thornton said. The area is also about 10 minutes closer to Chattanooga, while still being in nature and near the Tennessee River. "Most of these sites will be 1 to 1.5 acres in size, with plenty of open areas to provide the privacy most people always wanted but still with a sense of community," said Dane Bradshaw, president of Jasper Highlands. Just off of the Interstate 24 Haletown exit, Exit 161, Thornton said the features of the property resemble what has drawn buyers from 47 states and a half dozen countries to Jasper Highlands: seclusion without isolation. "Try to find 7,500 acres within 20 minutes of a metropolitan city anywhere, but to find this scenic site next to such a great city like Chattanooga is about impossible," he said. Thornton said he has been talking for the past three years with the previous owners of most of the property as he prepares to launch the ambitious venture on what Thornton called one of the most unique sites in the nation. "Buyers are eager to find a dream home in scenic Tennessee, and we're able to offer them a great extension of the community we've created at Jasper Highlands." "The property is an incredible piece of Tennessee land with the river encompassing it and multiple bluffs, creating sweeping views of the valley below," said Thornton, CEO of Thunder Enterprises. Agent is also a member of LLC which owns the property.Just above the former Hale's Bar Dam in Guild, Tennessee, Thunder Enterprises acquired 6,259 acres of a former coal mine and timber property in September and will soon close on the purchase of another roughly 1,100 acres from the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. Must call or text for gate code to access property. Preferred closing attorney is Hartmanlaw,LLC. Also, there is an existing well on the property that was inspected and just needs a new pump and casings but would still save a buyer a lot of money. Bring your builder and create your own private retreat! A soil analysis was completed on Januand came back with no issues. minimum and is in the mountains, has paved roads, underground utilities, walking trails, fishing, camping, community creek access and easy access to downtown Jasper and Ellijay for shopping, dining, schools, medical facilities, groceries and more! Also within minutes of Fainting Goat Winery and Burnt Mountain Hiking. This prestigious gated community has a 2000 sq. Estate sized lot (10.03 acres) just inside the gate off of Hwy 136 in the beautiful Georgian Highlands! This lot has about 2 - 3 acres of gentle slope that would be buildable and was recently professionally cleaned up for easy viewing but the rest is quite sloped. It is the difference between the largest value and the smallest value of a given data set.Ĭonsider a sample of data as shown below: 2, 5, 3, 6, 2, 6, 7, 9, 1.įor this set of data, the values of mean median and mode are as follows: Mode = The value or the item that is repeating the highest number of times in the given set of data. Such a number or value that repeat the highest number of times in a given set of data is called its mode. In a given data set, there can be many values that are repeating themselves or occur many times throughout the data set. Note: If the number of total terms is even, then the average of the two middle numbers is the median of the given data set. Median = Middlemost term of a given data set when its values are arranged in either ascending or descending order. When you arrange a given data set, either in ascending order or descending order, the middle most value is the median of the given data set. They can be arranged in such a way that they are either in ascending order or descending order. MedianĪ given data set may contain values of different ranges. Mean = Sum of all the values or numbers in the data set divided by the total number of the items in the data set. We have been used to calculate the average of a given set of values, and this average is called Mean in statistics. Let us understand this better as we move further now. Each of these has a different technique for its calculation, and each conveys a different picture of the given data set. Now, mean, median, mode, and range are such central tendencies that give an overall idea about the data of the given data set. You can imagine a central tendency as a point around which all the values of the given data set cluster around.It is an indication about where most of the values of the given data distribution fall into.A central tendency is a statistical term that represents the central point of a given set of data.Before moving to know about mean, median and mode, we need to get an understanding of the term that has very relevance about these three terms – The Central Tendency. In addition, protection of the livestock requires the removal of predators such as coyotes, wolves, mountain lions, bears, etc. Livestock, particularly goats, when confined to pastures year round consume all of the seedling trees for food and thereby prevent the natural renewal of trees to replace those that die from natural causes. The story of the threatened demise of the maples begins with the settling of the land and introduction of livestock that was confined to pastures year round by fencing. The blame for this unhappy event does not lie with the changeability of weather patterns, but with our failure to perceive that it is happening and to take corrective measures to restore these beautiful trees to the plant community. Despite these hardy attributes, and its striking beauty, the maples are gradually dying out of the plant community in many of the Bandera County localities. Serious insect problems or diseases have not been observed to be a problem. Most of the other maples prefer acidic soils and do poorly in alkaline conditions, but the Bigtooth Maple is a native of shallow, rocky, caliche soils and it will thrive in soils that few other trees will tolerate. One of their most desirable traits is that they thrive in very alkaline soils. They differ from the northern maples in that their leaves are much smaller, a concession they have made to the dry climate in which they live. The formula for the maximum coloration of the leaves is not really known, but it is certain that chilly nights, warm days, and dry falls are necessary for color.īigtooth Maples live for hundreds of years, are bona fide sugar maples, and are highly desirable for their decorative wood. In some years, particularly when the maples are seeding (generally every 5 to 7 years), the color does not develop. If the weather is favorable, the colors are maximized, but if warm, wet weather prevails, the colors are muted. The intensity and variety of colors that the maples provide are breathtaking, but the colors are a response of the tree to the changing conditions at the onset of cooler autumn weather. Visitors, armed with cameras, flock to the parks containing the maples in late October and early November to try to record one of natures most inspired displays of color. It is, however, a little difficult to see, because there are no roads in the canyon and it can be seen only by hiking at least 3 or 4 miles up the canyon.Īlthough many of the relict plants that occupy these canyons are beautiful, the Bigtooth Maples are the star of the show because of their blazing fall colors. McKittrick Canyon, of the Guadalupe Mountains, is the largest and grandest of the canyons containing the relict flora. In each of these locations the same relict flora occurs, and always in a similar setting reliable water in protected canyons. Other localities are near Belton, the Glass Mountain area of west Texas, and the Guadalupe Mountains National Park on the Texas-New Mexico line. In the Texas area, the deeper canyons of central Bandera County centering around the Lost Maples State Natural Area (the headwaters of the Sabinal River) hold one of the best populations of these plants in the state. Among the plants that survived almost exclusively in the protected canyons are hardwood trees such as Bigtooth Maple, Chinquapin Oak, Black Walnut, Linden (Basswood), Cedar Elm, Black Cherry, and understory plants such as the Mexican Buckeye, Carolina Buckthorn, Sycamore Leaf Snowbell, Witch Hazel, and Spice bush. Within these exotic localities, a microclimate exists that has helped sustain a great variety of plants that collectively are called a “relict” flora, because the plants living in them today are true fossils of an ancient forest in an ancient time. Over many centuries, the semi-arid conditions of today developed and gradually the maples died out in harsher localities, but sought sustaining shelter from the elements and life-giving moisture from the cool, clear springs in the steep-sided canyons of the Bandera County region. As the great ice sheets receded, the climate of the Hill Country became gradually warmer and dryer, and the hardwood forests began to die out as cooler, wetter years gave way to a hotter, dryer climate less suitable for supporting the forests. Acer grandidentatum, or Bigtooth Maple, the “lost” native maple tree of the Texas Hill Country, lived in profusion in the midst of hardwood forests until the end of the last great ice age, about 10,000 years ago. After that broke it though, the shoe was fully good to go in beast mode! The forefoot and containment otherwise were solid out the box as well as the traction and cushioning, but the loose fit in the heel area for the first few wears was noticeable and undesirable. One small negative with the shoe was the need for some necessary break-in time. Some break-in time needed in the Cosmic Unity The wide herringbone grooves do pick up dust, so be prepared to wipe from time to time. On all types of indoor courts(clean, dusty), the traction held up and did so outdoors as well. I tested the shoe in some indoor men’s leagues games as well as several fast-moving shootarounds on an outdoor court. The Nike Cosmic Unity has very consistent traction across both indoor and outdoor terrains. Since debuting a few years ago, Zoom Strobel has been one of my favorite cushioning setups and provides a general nice balance of balanced supportive cushioning with a sufficient amount of court feel.īack to the basics - effective herringbone traction One cool aspect is that from inspecting the bottom of the shoe you can clearly see the air cushioning layout from the outsole. The cushion on the Cosmic Unity was top tier with another implementation of full-length Zoom Air Strobel, similar to the Nike KD 13.
Persons afflicted with lymphedema have significant problems as impaired extremity function, recurrent episodes of soft tissue inflammation (dermatolymphangioadenitis), lymphorrhea, and unsatisfactory cosmesis, and a variety of psychological and social issues. Edema of tissues develops once the intercellular space has been filled with stagnant fluid. Lymphedema has been defined as an abnormal accumulation of capillary filtrate with proteins, cytokines and chemokines, recirculating lymphocytes, products of parenchymatous cells, and debris of senescent cells. In a percentage of cases, the etiology remains unknown and the term “idiopathic” is being used. L ymphedema of lower limbs is a consequence of obstruction of the main lymphatics caused by inflammation, trauma, excision of lymph nodes, and irradiation. The long-term, high pressure IPC, long inflation timed therapy can be safely be recommended to patients with lower limb lymphedema. No complications in limb tissues were observed. The limb circumference is decreased or at least does not further increase, elasticity of tissue is increased and maintained. There was no direct correlation between the decrease in limb circumference and increase in elasticity, most likely due to different mass of fibrous tissue.Ĭonclusions: IPC takes over the permanently missing function of the obliterated lymphatics by squeezing edema tissue fluid to the regions with normal lymphatic drainage. No complications as thigh ring or chronic genital edema were observed. The improvement was most expressed in the calf above the ankle and mid-calf. Results: The treatment revealed durable permanent decrease of limb circumference and increased elasticity of tissues. Correlation between decrease in calf and thigh circumference and increase in elasticity was done. Limb circumference and tissue tonicity were measured at monthly intervals. Methods: A group of 18 patients with unilateral leg lymphedema stage II to IV was treated for a period of 3 years using an 8-chamber sleeve, sequential inflation of chambers to 100–120 mmHg for 50 sec (total 400 sec). Recent data point to high pressures and long time of compression.Īim: To validate the effects of 3 years daily high pressure, long inflation time IPC therapy in terms of decrease of limb circumference/volume, tissue elasticity, histological changes, and incidental complications. These devices should be designed on parameters of edema fluid hydromechanics. The only solution is to offer inexpensive, easily accessible mechanical devices for pneumatic compression (IPC). Background: The manual lymphatic drainage in lymphedema has proved to be successful however, this method cannot be applied to millions of patients around the world. |
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